By edited by Ravinder K. Kohli ... [et al.].
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2 Survival of Clidemia hirta in (a) Costa Rica (native range) and (b) Hawaii (introduced range) in four natural enemy escape treatments in understory and open habitats. Survival was much higher in Hawaii where Clidemia has escaped herbivores and fungal pathogens, which have reduced its survival in its native land. , Ecology, 85, 471, 2004. 2008 8:31am Compositor Name: BMani 20 Invasive Plants and Forest Ecosystems pathogen, then that specialist enemy could be used to regulate plant populations in habitats where that plant was introduced.
Native forest ecosystems that developed over centuries are limited in their ability to compete against these invaders. Some species, such as kudzu, were deliberately introduced (Mitich 2000), while others were introduced inadvertently, such as in contaminated crop seed. Introduction, however, does not necessarily mean establishment. Although a particular NNIP may have a competitive advantage over native species, timing of emergence and seed dispersal, site quality, and other factors determine whether an NNIP will take hold in an ecosystem.
For example, the nitrogen-fixing actinomycetes Frankia maintains a symbiosis with Myrica faya (both from the same habitat), allowing it to invade and alter the nitrogen cycle in ecosystems in Hawaii (Vitousek et al. 1987). The presence of certain soil biota in the exotic habitat may not facilitate greater growth and spread of plant species, but rather provide less restraint than do biota in their native habitat. 2008 8:31am Compositor Name: BMani 18 Invasive Plants and Forest Ecosystems feedback, which keeps the species under control.