By R. C. Brown, B. E. Lemmon (auth.), Odd-Arne Olsen (eds.)
The nutritive endosperm of angiosperms is mankind’s most crucial resource of nutrition, farm animals feed and commercial uncooked fabric. This ebook is the 1st finished evaluate of the developmental and molecular biology of endosperm. The textual content covers cereal endosperm improvement from fertilization to adulthood, together with molecular and cellphone biology of the syncytial section, the cellularization technique and mobilephone destiny specification of the embryo surrounding sector cells, the basal move cells, the starchy endosperm and aleurone cells. moreover, endosperm improvement within the version species Arabidopsis thaliana is roofed, in addition to contemporary development in endosperm in vitro tradition. specified good points of endosperm, equivalent to imprinting, polyploidy, programmed cellphone dying and anthocyanin biosynthesis, are defined in separate chapters. eventually, the genes and pathways for the most dietary parts of endosperm, garage proteins and starch are coated intimately. every one bankruptcy is illustrated with figures and diagrams, followed by way of textual content meant for readers in any respect degrees with a simple figuring out of cellphone and molecular biology.
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Shares only 50% sequence identity with RBR1 and appears to be an E2F target that is repressed by RBR1 (Sabelli et al. 2005; Sabelli and Larkins 2006). In maize, both RBR1 and RBR3 are expressed in developing endosperm, but RBR3 is preferentially expressed during the mitotic phase and is drastically downregulated after the onset of endoreduplication, suggesting that it may be more involved in the G1/S regulation of mitotic cells than endoreduplicating cells. Interestingly, RBR1 expression seems upregulated during endoreduplication (Sabelli et al.
2004). As in the starchy endosperm, ABA also plays a role in inhibiting or delaying PCD in aleurone cells. Aleurone protoplasts can be kept alive for up to 6 months when cultured in a medium containing ABA, whereas cell death progresses when they are exposed to GA (Bethke et al. 1999; Fath et al. 2000). 4 Conclusions The function of programmed cell death in cereal endosperm is presumed to be for the facilitation of rapid hydrolysis and absorption of nutrients by the germinating embryo, since cell membranes are no longer maintained and movement of metabolites into and out of cells no longer requires energy.
This process begins with the cells closest to the embryo and spreads to those farther away (Dominguez et al. 2004). N. Nguyen et al. into the starchy endosperm to break down the stored metabolites. However, after these enzymes are produced, PCD becomes evident through rapid vacuolation of the cytoplasm, loss of plasma membrane integrity, nuclear breakdown, and DNA fragmentation (Bethke et al. 1999; Fath et al. 2000; Dominguez et al. 2004). In wheat, DNA laddering is detected as soon as 4 days after imbibition, while in maize it is not observed until 12 days after imbibition (Dominguez et al.