By Patrick Augustijns, Marcus Brewster
Solvent platforms are imperative to drug improvement and pharmaceutical know-how. This unmarried subject encompasses a variety of allied topics operating the gamut from recrystallization solvents to biorelevant media. The objective of this contribution to the AAPS Biotechnology: Pharmaceutical features sequence is to generate either a realistic instruction manual in addition to a reference permitting the reader to make powerful judgements in regards to the use of solvents and solvent structures. To this finish, the monograph used to be created by way of inviting famous specialists from a few fields to writer suitable sections. particularly, 15 chapters were designed overlaying the theoretical historical past of solubility, the impression of ionic equilibria and pH on solubilization, using solvents to influence drug substance crystallization and polymorph choice, using solvent platforms in excessive throughput screening and early discovery, solvent use in preformulation, using solvents in bio-relevant dissolution and permeation experiments, solvents and their use as toxicology cars, solubilizing media and excipients in oral and parenteral formula improvement, really good automobiles for protein formula and solvent structures for topical and pulmonary drug management. The chapters are geared up such that important choice timber are integrated including the medical underpinning for his or her software. additionally, developments within the use of solvent platforms and a stability of present perspectives make this monograph valuable to either the amateur and skilled researcher and to scientists in any respect developmental phases from early discovery to past due pharmaceutical operations.
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Extra resources for Solvent Systems and Their Selection in Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics (Biotechnology: Pharmaceutical Aspects)
Sample text
Physical Pharmacy, 4th edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, 1993, pp. 223–224. Milosovish G. Determination of Solubility of a Metastable Polymorph. J Pharm Sci 1964; 53:484–487. Mooney KG, Rodrigues-Gaxiola M, Mintun M, Himmelstein KJ, and Stella VJ. Dissolution Kinetics of Phenylbutazone. J Pharm Sci 1981; 70: 1358–1365. Nernst W. Theorie der Reaktionsgeschhwindigkeit in Heterogenen Systemen. Z Phys Chem 1904; 47: 52–55. Noyes AA and Whitney WR. The Rate of Dissolution of Solid Substances in Their Own Solutions.
J is usually termed the intrinsic dissolution rate. But since dC/dt is also defined according to the Noyes-Whitney equation (48), it follows that: J = B × (C s − C ) (53) where B is the mass transfer coefficient, defined as: B= DS Ah (54) At the earliest stage of an intrinsic dissolution study, C << C s , so: J t→0 = BC s (55) It can therefore be concluded that if the surface area of the dissolving solid is kept constant, the intrinsic dissolution rate will be directly proportional to the equilibrium solubility.
Solvation Enthalpies of Hydrocarbons and Normal Alcohols in Highly Polar Solvents. J Phys Chem 1971; 75: 3598–3606. Kumar R and Prausnitz JM. Solvents in Chemical Technology. In: Dack MRJ. Solutions and Solubilities, Part 1, Techniques of Chemistry, Vol. VIII, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1975, pp. 259–326. Levich VG. Physicochemical Hydrodynamics. Advance Publications, London, UK, 1977, p. 1078. Martin A. Physical Pharmacy, 4th edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, 1993, pp. 223–224.