By Tom Chodor
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Extra info for Neoliberal Hegemony and the Pink Tide in Latin America: Breaking Up With TINA?
Example text
For Hegel, this process explained the historical development of ideas – of philosophical ‘things’ (Hegel 1956). For Marx, it spoke to the development of human society under class rule – in particular how higher forms of society emerged and developed through the tensions in the relations between rulers and ruled – a process he was most excited about in regard to the tensions in capitalist societies during the Industrial Revolution. So (re)interpreted, HM offers a historically located, socially based explanation for social reality and social change that goes beyond orthodox IPE thinking that effectively devolves all causation to some single, ahistorical foundational source.
In both cases, questions of inequality and poverty are downgraded and thus effectively ignored (Hurrell & Woods 1995: 448). It is not only the economic shortcomings of the neoliberal era that have drawn criticism. Politically, the order and stability that are supposed to result from a globalised world order have failed to materialise. Instead, the resurgence of ethnic conflict, civil wars, transnational crime, and terrorism – facilitated to various extents by globalisation – has destabilised the international system.
Gramsci’s notion of the war of position and of the diverging strategies that dominant and subordinate classes may undertake within it provides a useful framework for understanding the struggle over neoliberal hegemony in Latin America and the differences between Brazil and Venezuela. Within this framework, Brazil’s project can be understood as an instance of a passive revolution, projecting a social democratic ‘Third Way’ model that reintegrates the losers of neoliberal restructuring into the historic bloc, but does so in such a way that seeks to preclude more radical challenges to the hegemony of neoliberal social forces.