By Merlin Gene Butler; F John Meaney
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In the same year that saw the publication of Down paper, Se´guin described the case of a 9-year-old girl affected with a form of ‘‘furfuraceous cretinism’’ resembling Down syndrome (17). He wrote: ‘‘other cases of similar but aggravated character have been observed, but the description of their repulsive symptoms would not make us less ignorant of the true nature of their affection. We have not seen enough of this affection to express any opinion upon it, but as a conjecture: and we hazard the hypothesis that is a variety of idiocy connected with some form or hereditary cretinism’’ (17, reported in Ref.
54. Martin JP, Bell J. A pedigree of mental defect showing sex linkage. J Neurol Psych 1943; 6:154–157. 55. Richards BW, Sylvester PE, Brooker C. Fragile X-linked mental retardation: The Martin–Bell syndrome. J Ment Defic Res 1981; 4:253–256. 56. Allan W, Herndon CN, Dudley FC. Some examples of the inheritance of mental deficiency: apparently sex-linked idiocy and microcephaly. Am J Ment Defic 1944; 48:325–334. 34 Neri and Tiziano 57. Renpenning H, Gerrard JW, Zaleski WA, Tabata T. Familial sex-linked mental retardation.
The IQ test, empirically designed by Binet to identify schoolchildren in need of special help was elevated by Spearman to the status of an objective measurement for an extremely complex trait such as human intelligence. These arguments received further strength in 1909 from another famous paper ‘‘Experimental Tests of General Intelligence’’ published in the British Journal of Psychology by Cyril Burt (8), Spearman’s successor to the Chair of Psychology at the University College and a strong advocate of the theory of intelligence as an innate, hereditary, and substantially nonmodifiable property.