By Matti Maltamo, Erik Næsset, Jari Vauhkonen
Airborne laser scanning (ALS) has emerged as probably the most promising distant sensing applied sciences to supply information for study and operational purposes in quite a lot of disciplines with regards to administration of wooded area ecosystems. This booklet presents a entire, state of the art evaluate of the study and alertness of ALS in a extensive diversity of forest-related disciplines, specially wooded area stock and wooded area ecology. even though, this publication is greater than only a number of person contributions – it includes a well-composed combination of chapters facing primary methodological matters and contributions reviewing and illustrating using ALS inside quite a few domain names of software. The stories offer a entire and particular assessment of contemporary learn and purposes that researchers, scholars and practitioners in woodland distant sensing and wooded area surroundings overview should still think of as an invaluable reference text.
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Extra info for Forestry Applications of Airborne Laser Scanning: Concepts and Case Studies
Example text
2011). Further instrument details are typically not provided to the end user. The calibration constant is calculated using assumptions on the reflectivity of homogeneous regions (Wagner et al. 2006), artificial (Ahokas et al. 2006; Kaasalainen et al. 2007) or natural reference targets (Kaasalainen et al. 2009; Lehner and Briese 2010) of known reflectivity at the used laser wavelength. The atmospheric transmission factor may be determined using a standard model for radiative transfer in the atmosphere: ÁATM 2Ri a 10;000 D 10 with a in ŒDB=km as the atmospheric attenuation coefficient (in the range of 0:2 DB=km) (Höfle and Pfeifer 2007).
Tj //2 ! g. be solved by the LevenbergMarquardt approach (Wagner et al. 2006). Gaussian Decomposition is examplarily illustrated in Fig. 6 whereas Fig. 7 shows the distribution of the echo amplitudes POi in two adjacent flight strips in a partly vegetated area around Schönbrunn palace in Vienna (Lehner and Briese 2010). 1). 2 Laser Pulse Interaction with Forest Canopy: Geometric and Radiometric Issues S(t) ss 200 Pr(t) 25 sp,i 180 20 160 140 Amplitude [DN] Amplitude [DN] 31 120 100 Sˆ 80 15 Pˆi 10 60 5 40 20 0 120 ti ts 130 140 150 160 170 180 0 3020 3030 Time [ns] 3040 3050 3060 Time [ns] 3070 3080 3090 Fig.
Thus, radiometrically calibrating laser scanning intensity data is an important requirement before using it in subsequent classification tasks. It shall be noted that this refers to discrete (where some assumptions about the echo signal are necessary) as well as FWF data. g. Ahokas et al. 2006; Kaasalainen et al. 2007; Briese et al. 2008; Lehner and Briese 2010) or (2) on range normalization 46 M. Hollaus et al. 1 Currently available small-footprint topographic FWF ALS systems and their characteristic system parameters.