By Prof. Dr. Jacob Sybenga (auth.)
An introductory dialogue of uncomplicated chromosome constitution and serve as preceeds the most textual content at the software of cytogenetic ways to the research of the manipulation of either the genetic makeup and the genetic transmission procedure of plant breeding fabric. research utilizing gentle and electron microscopy, segregations and molecular recommendations, yields details for assessing the cloth sooner than and after manipulation. a lot awareness is given to quantitative equipment. Manipulation not just contains the development of particular genotypes, but additionally chromosomal transmission structures. even if research and manipulation within the somatic cycle are thought of, the point of interest is at the generative cycle, with emphasis on research and next segregation of particularly developed fabric. The booklet is meant for plant breeders and different scientists drawn to the research and manipulation of breeding fabric on the chromosomal point. Comparisons with molecular and mobile organic ways are made, and the opportunity of many of the equipment is evaluated.
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Extra info for Cytogenetics in Plant Breeding
Example text
Because palindromic DNA sequences (inverted repeats) have often been found in telomeric heterochromatin, it has been postulated that the hairpin foldbacks such repeats can form would playa role in the many telomere functions (Cavalier-Smith 1983; Struhl 1983). Theoretically they could protect DNA ends and provide conditions for initiating replication. In artificial yeast chromosome ends, however, simple hairpins do not function. Moreover, in the most terminal regions of typical end segments, palindromes are not observed (Cavalier-Smith 1983; Richards and Ausubel 1988).
When both daughter nuclei divide again, the line branches, which is not shown in the diagram. Often, mitotic division is represented as a cycle, which does not represent the actual situation. The first prerequisite for somatic nuclear division is the replication of all chromosomal DNA in the nucleus, accomplished in the synthesis (S) phase. In rapidly dividing tissues the S-phase is short and follows soon after completion of the previous division. In more slowly proliferating tissues the S-phase is longer and there is a resting phase between divisions in which transcription can take place.
Telocentric is a special case in which the centromere is at the chromosome end. 3. 18 Chromosome Composition, Structure and Morphology The centromeric activity is not necessarily always confined to a strictly localized segment of the chromosomes. In several mostly primitive higher organisms, both plants and animals, the kinetic activity is distributed evenly over the chromosomes (holokinetic chromosomes) and then no primary constriction is visible. This is probably the original situation, and the localization of the kinetic activity is an evolutionary development that has taken place parallel in different taxonomic orders (Sybenga 1981).