By Matthew Bolton
In the last decade because the signing of the Ottawa Treaty, which banned the creation and use of anti-personnel mines, governments have spent over $3 billion on clearing up and mitigating the safety hazard of mines, cluster munitions and different unexploded ordnance within the world’s present and previous struggle zones. although, this circulate of money into areas ruled by way of violent social buildings increases various political matters. via targeted archival and box examine, this publication explores the politics at the back of the allocation and implementation of international relief via the USA and Norway for demining in Afghanistan, Bosnia and Sudan. it truly is a vital source for practitioners and policymakers operating within the box of landmine clearance and for college students and researchers of improvement reviews and post-war reconstruction.
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Additional resources for Foreign Aid and Landmine Clearance: Governance, Politics and Security in Afghanistan, Bosnia and Sudan (International Library of Postwar Reconstruction & Development)
Example text
19 As the US commitment to counterinsurgency in South Vietnam deepened from 1965 to 1975, the US struggled to target an elusive and hidden enemy. ’20 US warfare in Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos) was thus the logical extension of its position as a super-modern industrial power, pitting the might of technology and heavy manufacturing against a poor, lightly-armed guerilla force. While there was an ‘Other War’ – covert operations such which attempted to single out and eliminate individual Viet Cong cadres – much of the US effort consisted of blanket targeting of whole areas.
123 However, these complexes have been organized in a variety of ways, incorporating different actors with different sets of motivations. There are obviously infinite ways these networks can be organized, but abstracting out from the preceding historical description, one can discern the two competing versions of the political complexes that will be described in greater detail in the next chapter. The first complex is that of a great or regional power that reserves the right to create a secure enclave for itself by creating rings of minefields and cluster munitions strikes around its borderlands and strategic nodes.
Very few demining programs were operated wholly by states marshaling resources from taxation in their own territory. Even a superpower like the US had lost the ability to conduct mine clearance itself. When US Army occupied mine and UXO contaminated bases in Afghanistan in 2001 it found it no longer had the expertise to conduct demining itself. 122 This demonstrates a major fragmentation of the state’s monopoly on managing violent threats, even to its own soldiers. Mine action, reflecting trends toward multi-level and multi-actor models of governance, is now conducted with funding from a wide range of international donors and implemented by partnerships between public and private for-profit and non-profit actors.