By Riccardo Lencioni, Dania Cioni, Carlo Bartolozzi, A.L. Baert
Few fields of drugs have witnessed such extraordinary development because the analysis and remedy of liver tumors. Advances in imaging expertise, the improvement of novel distinction brokers, and the advent of optimized scanning protocols have enormously facilitated the non-invasive detection and characterization of focal liver lesions. in addition, image-guided ideas for percutaneous tumor ablation became an permitted substitute remedy for sufferers with inoperable liver melanoma. This e-book presents a complete and updated evaluate of the function of diagnostic and interventional radiology in recognize of liver tumors. the amount strikes from historical past sections on technique and segmental liver anatomy to the most sections at the analysis of benign and malignant liver lesions. An built-in technique, serious about the correlation of ultrasound, CT, and MR imaging findings, is gifted. eventually, a whole part describes the rules, tools, and result of percutaneous tumor ablation ideas.
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Sample text
1994). On the other hand, strong gradients accelerate image encoding times and enable fast and ultrafast imaging, including fast dynamic, parallel and echo-planar imaging. Fast imaging with breath hold sequences allows the elimination of the respiratory artifacts and blurring, and greatly reduces the acquisition time. To improve the SNR, fat sup- C. Bartolozzi et al. pression is needed when fast images are performed (Fig. 2) (Kanematsu et al. 1999). More recently, parallel acquisition techniques have allowed two to four times faster acquisition of the entire liver if compared to other pulse sequences.
AJR Am J Roentgenol 178:899–904 Klingenbeck-Regn K, Schaller S, Flohr T et al (1999) Subsecond multi-slice computed tomography: basics and applications. Eur J Radiol 31:110–124 Kopka L, Rodenwaldt J, Hamm B (2001) Biphasic multi-slice helical CT of the liver: intraindividual comparison of different slice thicknesses for the detection and characterization of focal liver lesions. Radiology 217:367 Kopp AF, Heuschmid M, Claussen CD (2002) Multidetector helical CT of the liver for tumor detection and characterization.
2002). 2 Scan Parameters In single-slice CT, the most important scan parameters can be provided in the form of a triplet including slice collimation (SC, in mm), table feed/rotation (TF, in mm) and reconstruction increment (RI, in mm). Depending on clinical indications, a compromise has to be reached between z-axis resolution and required scan length. The effective slice thickness or slice width (SW) can be calculated from slice collimation and pitch, P (=TF/SC). 2 (Uggowitzer 2003). In four-slice spiral CT the same acquired raw data set can be used to reconstruct two or more data sets of varying thickness.