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Extra resources for Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons, Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid Families
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In addition, lignin has to be removed from lignocellulose-containing plant material prior to the production of biofuels, because it hinders the degradation and extraction of cellulose. , 2008). Lignans are formed by stereoselectively linking two monolignols at the central atoms of their side chains. If the monolignols are produced by other types of coupling, the dimers are termed neolignans (Dewick, 2002). In norlignans, the last carbon of one side chain of a monolignol is missing in the dimer.
In addition, parts of the carbon skeleton can be derived from fatty acids or amino acids. This mixed assembly principle results in a plethora of structurally diverse compounds. Polyketide alkaloids obtained when nitrogen or nitrogen-containing precursors are incorporated into the polyketide backbone will also be discussed. , the Droseraceae, Nepenthaceae, Plumbaginaceae, and Polygonaceae, but also in the unrelated genus Diospyros (Ebenaceae) (Thomson, 1987). These compounds are built from six acetate units, and one carbon is lost in the course ot their biosynthesis, thus yielding an eleven carbon skeleton with two six-membered rings (Fig.
Kutchan Abscisic acid is a sequiterpene phytohormone that is induced by drought and promotes stomatal closure and seed dormancy. , 2006). In maize infested with lepidopteran larvae, the sesquiterpenes (E)-b-farnesene and the (E)-a-bergamotene (Fig. , 2006). Maize roots release (E)-b-caryophyllene (Fig. , 2005). Many sesquiterpenes contain a pentacyclic lactone group and are therefore referred to as sesquiterpene lactones. These compounds occur abundantly in the family Asteraceae. , 1998). , 1998).