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The Law Code did not resolve the issue of fugitives, because of the intense shortage of labor in Muscovy. After 1649 the government began to penalize recipients of fugitives by confiscating an additional serf in addition to the fugitive received. This had no impact, so it was raised to two. This in turn had no impact, so it was raised to four. At this point would-be recipients of fugitive serfs began to turn them away. Peter I took this one step further by proclaiming the death penalty for those who received the fugitive serfs, but it is not known whether anyone was actually executed.

See also: EDINONACHALIE; GOSBANK; MONETARY SYSTEM, ENVIRONMENTALISM Environmental protection in Russia traces its roots to seventeenth-century hunting preserves and Peter the Great’s efforts to protect some of the country’s forests and rivers. But environmentalism, in the sense of an intellectual or popular movement in support of conservation or environmental protection, began during the second half of the nineteenth century and scored some important victories during the late tsarist and early soviet periods.

Those running the expansion of the Muscovite state did not want their sparse frontier populations diminished by the forcible return of fugitive peasants to Volga-Oka mesopotamia. Thus they also supported the fiveyear statute of limitations on the filing of suits for the recovery of fugitive serfs. The Time of Troubles provided a breathing spell in the enserfment process. Events occurred relevant to enserfment, but they had no long-term impact— with the possible exception of Vasily Shuisky’s near-equation of serfs with slaves in 1607.

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Encyclopedia of Russian history Vol 2 by James R Millar
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