By Miles N. Wernick, John N. Aarsvold
Puppy and SPECT are of present day most crucial medical-imaging equipment, offering pictures that show refined information regarding physiological techniques in people and animals. Emission Tomography: the basics of puppy and SPECT explains the physics and engineering rules of those very important functional-imaging tools. The expertise of emission tomography is roofed intimately, together with historic origins, medical and mathematical foundations, imaging structures and their parts, photo reconstruction and research, simulation recommendations, and medical and laboratory purposes. The publication describes the state-of-the-art of emission tomography, together with all elements of traditional SPECT and puppy, in addition to modern themes corresponding to iterative photo reconstruction, small-animal imaging, and PET/CT structures. This booklet is meant as a textbook and reference source for graduate scholars, researchers, scientific physicists, biomedical engineers, engineers and physicists within the medical-imaging undefined. Thorough tutorials of primary and complicated themes are offered through dozens of the major researchers in puppy and SPECT. SPECT has lengthy been a mainstay of medical imaging, and puppy is now one of many world's quickest turning out to be clinical imaging options, because of its dramatic contributions to melanoma imaging and different purposes. Emission Tomography: the basics of puppy and SPECT is a vital source for figuring out the expertise of SPECT and puppy, the main commonplace sorts of molecular imaging. *Contains thorough instructional remedies, coupled with assurance of complex themes *Three of the 4 holders of the distinguished Institute of electric and Electronics Engineers clinical Imaging Scientist Award are bankruptcy individuals *Include colour art
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Additional resources for Emission tomography. The fundamentals of PET and SPECT
Sample text
Dedicated medical cyclotrons first appeared in medical institutions in the 1960s when the Hammersmith Hospital (London, England) and Washington University (St. , 1965). MO) established their facilities. Since then, positron imaging applications have expanded rapidly, and now major teaching hospitals in most countries have facilities to image gamma- and positron-emitting radioactive pharmaceuticals. In recent years, a series of instrumentation improvements have been introduced based on the use of new scintillators that extend the imaging possibilities (Melcher, 2000).
Chapter 20 in this volume). qxd 28/8/04 02:29 PM Page 19 19 2. Introduction to Emission Tomography (a) (b) High counts p(xr,φ,z = 0) p(xr,φ,z = 0) y y xr xr yr yr φ φ x x Low counts FIGURE 10 (a) Idealized forward projection of image slice for a particular angle and (b) backprojection for the same angle. Bright areas of the image and projection denote high count rates, as indicated by the color bar at far left. Actual PET and SPECT data are not well described by this simplified projection model because of attenuation, blur, scatter, and noise; however, the model does capture the essential process of forming an image from projection data.
1. Method of Filtered Backprojection Conventional approaches to image reconstruction from PET and SPECT data are based on the method of FBP. FBP is a mathematical technique based on an idealized model of PET and SPECT data that ignores many significant features of real data. Specifically, FBP assumes that the number of detected gamma-ray events traveling along a particular direction approximates an integral of the radiotracer distribution along that line, that is, the parallel projection p(xr, f) defined earlier.