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Each school may have its own computer system and use its own curriculum and grading system. One university may adopt a quarter system, offer three courses on database systems, and assign grades from A+ to F, whereas another may adopt a semester system, offer two courses on databases, and assign grades from 1 to 10. It is very difficult to work out precise course-to-grade transformation rules between the two universities, making information exchange difficult. Data mining techniques may provide an interesting solution to the information exchange problem by performing statistical data distribution and correlation analysis, and transforming the given data into higher, more generalized, conceptual levels (such as fair, good, or excellent for student grades), from which information exchange can then more easily be performed.
Data mining systems should also allow users to specify hints to guide or focus the search for interesting patterns. Because some patterns may not hold for all of the data in the database, a measure of certainty or “trustworthiness” is usually associated with each discovered pattern. Data mining functionalities, and the kinds of patterns they can discover, are described below. 1 Concept/Class Description: Characterization and Discrimination Data can be associated with classes or concepts. For example, in the AllElectronics store, classes of items for sale include computers and printers, and concepts of customers include bigSpenders and budgetSpenders.
Therefore, data mining is considered one of the most important frontiers in database and information systems and one of the most promising interdisciplinary developments in the information technology. 3 Data Mining—On What Kind of Data? In this section, we examine a number of different data repositories on which mining can be performed. In principle, data mining should be applicable to any kind of data repository, as well as to transient data, such as data streams. Thus the scope of our examination of data repositories will include relational databases, data warehouses, transactional databases, advanced database systems, flat files, data streams, and the 10 Chapter 1 Introduction World Wide Web.