By Peter Kappeler, Carel P. van Schaik
Cooperative habit has been one of many enigmas of evolutionary idea because the days of Charles Darwin. The contributions to this booklet learn the various features of cooperative habit in primates and people as a few of the world's top specialists assessment and summarize the state-of-the-art of theoretical and empirical reports of cooperation. This booklet is hence the 1st to bridge the distance among parallel study in primatology and reports of people. Comparative as this strategy is, it highlights either universal ideas and facets of human strong point with appreciate to cooperative habit.
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Extra resources for Cooperation in Primates and Humans: Mechanisms and Evolution
Sample text
Like chimpanzees, maternal brothers in bonobo groups do not consistently form close bonds (Furiuchi & Ihobe 1994, Hashimoto et al. 1996). Male muriquis (Brachyteles arachnoides) are well-known for their peaceful temperaments and high degree of tolerance (Strier et al. 2000). Males spend 2 Practicing Hamilton’s rule: kin selection in primate groups much of their time in proximity to other males, embrace one another, and share sexual access to receptive females (Strier et al. 2002). Aggression among males of the same community is very uncommon.
In other langur species, the demographic composition of groups changes over time. Some one-male groups become two- or three-male groups. As the resident male ages, one or more natal males may remain, creating an age-graded group. Sterck & van Hooff (2000) argue that these cases “are not based on an inability of the dominant male to exclude others, but must be based on tolerance on his part and an interest in their staying” (p. 128). Resident males may tolerate young natal males because they cooperate in intergroup encounters and protect the group’s infants from infanticide (Sterck & van Hooff 2000, Steenbeek et al.
If groups are composed of a breeding pair and their descendant offspring, then alloparental care toward all group offspring may be favored by kin selection. On the other hand, if the genetic composition of social groups is more complicated, then we might expect helpers to discriminate among infants. Genetic data are now available for a small number of wild callitrichid groups. In two groups of common marmosets, Callithrix jacchus, the dominant male fathered all of the infants and all group members were closely related (Nievergelt et al.