By Mary McMurran
Presents a finished review of mental ways to realizing addictions. with no denying the significance of organic components, Emphasis Is positioned extra Upon Social, mental And Emotional components as is important to a whole realizing of dependancy. publication hide; name; Contents; dependancy: Misconduct and illness; mental techniques to habit; Initiation and upkeep; Dependence; swap; Prevention; Postscript; References; Index
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The study of the relationship between behaviour and its reinforcing or punishing consequences for any individual allows for these contingencies to be altered to reduce problem behaviour. This technique is known as contingency management. g. g. relief of physical, psychological or social discomfort). g. g. removing opportunities for physical, psychological or social satisfaction). Examples of these types of reinforcement and punishment in relation to drinking may help clarify the differences. Drinking may be positively reinforced by the ‘buzz’ a person gets from alcohol, and may be negatively reinforced by the relief of boredom.
Psychological theories help us understand the processes by which these factors bear influence. Any theory must, of course, fit the observable facts of the situation. Addictive behaviours are activities that vary both between people and within any one person across time; no one can become addicted without starting in the first place, but not everyone starts; not everyone who does start becomes addicted; and not everyone who becomes addicted stays addicted. Therefore, for any theoretical approach to fit the facts, it must describe the processes of initiation to, maintenance of, and dependence upon the use of any substance, and the processes involved in change.
Owing to methodological problems of separating genetic from environmental factors, results are, at best, equivocal, and it is worth pointing out that no mechanism for genetic transmission has been identified. The strongest finding is that there is an increased likelihood of alcoholism in males adopted away from their alcoholic biological parents. Given the observed association between antisocial behaviour and alcoholism, and between depression and drug use in general, geneticists are speculating about a genetic predisposition to these personality disorders.