By Philip Walsh (auth.)
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Extra info for Skepticism, Modernity and Critical Theory
Sample text
Can an activity, a thought, or a system of thinking occur without a predetermined goal in mind? And does not the idea of removing a telos itself incorporate a telos? Nussbaum argues that the skeptic’s practice is indeed tenable: “To have a telos or goal in the usual way – to strain the bow of one’s life towards it as a target – is a recipe for disturbance. ”61 Thus the skeptic, by practicing epoch[ not according to a strict principle or arch[ but as an agoge, arrives at a state that was not foreseen, but which just happens to conform to the Hellenistic conception of the good life.
Its use as a concept modifies the form which our knowledge of objects takes, and therefore certainty may be understood as only a species within the broader genus of justification, understood as the basis on which a belief is held. In other words, since knowledge is a conjunction between subject and object, we can never have certainty of an object, although we might have certain knowledge of an object. 15 This way of conceiving of knowledge as derivative from belief, and of justification and certainty as determinations of belief, depends on the worldview that Descartes created to challenge the elements that defined the horizons of the Ancient and Scholastic-Medieval worldview.
4 In the central essay of History and Class Consciousness, “Reification and the Consciousness of the Proletariat,” Lukács traces the distinguishing characteristic of the correlation between the emergence of the modern commodity economy and the rise of abstract mathematical reason as a philosophical ideal. From systematic doubt and the Cogito Ergo Sum of Descartes, … there is a direct line of development whose central strand, rich in variations, is the idea that the object of cognition can be known by us for the reason that, and to the degree to which, it has been created by ourselves.