By Jean H. Langenheim
Few individuals are conscious of the nice variety of resin-producing vegetation or the notable roles resins play within the lives of vegetation and folks. Plant Resins tells the full tale approximately those attention-grabbing plant items.
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Additional info for Plant Resins: Chemistry, Evolution, Ecology, and Ethnobotany
Sample text
This controversy has ranged from questions about the origin of conifers to their ordinal and familial relationships. Since the seminal research of Florin (1951) on Paleozoic fossils, conifers have been associated with the fossil genus Cordaites (Chapter 4). Some researchers, however, have considered Cordaites and conifers to be in separate evolutionary lines. According to Doyle (1998), modern conifers are linked with Cordaites and ginkgos in analyses that include all extant groups of conifers. The earliest fossils attributable directly to conifers occur in the late Carboniferous (about 310 Ma), and conifers were diverse and floristically important by the end of the Paleozoic era (290 Ma).
On the other hand, the volatile fraction of resins in the large tropical family Burseraceae is much more diverse than that of resins of legumes and dipterocarps. It contains large proportions of both mono- and sesquiterpenes, giving it the characteristic high degree of fragrance when used for incense (Chapter 8). Monoterpenes that commonly occur in conifer resins are important in burseraceous resins, along with numerous sesquiterpenes with diverse skeletal frameworks (Figures 1-3 and 1-5). Aregullin et al.
Glycerol forms a link with the carboxyl groups, serving as a carrier for fatty acids. Plant fats differ only slightly from oils in having fatty acid constituents that are more or less solid rather than liquid at ordinary temperatures. Fatty acids do occur in some conifer resins. For example, fatty acids (predominantly C18 oleic and linoleic) are co-isolated with rosin as by-products from SUBSTANCES CONFUSED WITH RESIN | 49 pine resins in the kraft pulping process (Chapter 7). They also occur in abundance in the resin of glandular trichomes on the leaves of some Australian shrubs (Chapter 3).