By David Potter

Overlaying the paintings of non-governmental businesses in attempting to swap the environmental guidelines of governments and enterprise organisations, this examine seems to be at box study in Asia and Africa, and relates it to theoretical matters within the educational box.

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1990) An Experiment in Working Together, Bangalore, FEVORD-K, privately printed. Robison, R. Hewison et al. ) Southeast Asia in the 1990s: Authoritarian Democracy and Capitalism, St Leonards, Australia, Allen & Unwin. Rubin, B. (1987) ‘The Civil Rights Movement in India’, Asian Survey, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 371–92. Rudolph, L. and Rudolph, S. (1987) In Pursuit of Lakshmi: The Political Economy of the Indian State, London, University of Chicago Press. Rueschemeyer, D. et al. (1992) Capitalist Development and Democracy, Cambridge, Polity Press.

Although multi-party elections are the most testable of the demands of political conditionality, in practice the donor community tends to promote a much broader version of democracy, on the one hand linking it to good governance and economic liberalisation, while on the other hand including elements such as political participation which were central to the socialist or one-party model. Thus in December 1993 the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) endorsed a number of ‘Orientations on participatory development and good governance’, in a document which links democratisation to participatory development and human rights and defines democratisation itself as requiring not only periodic free and fair elections but also ‘the development of a pluralist civil society comprised of a range of institutions and associations which represent diverse interests and provide a counterweight to government’ (OECD 1994:12).

Explanations for the historical destruction and degradation of forests in the Western Ghats and elsewhere have centred on the radical transformation of the social relations of resource use that were initiated during colonial rule and then became more firmly entrenched with the coming of democracy in the 1950s. Such processes involve the use of state power to undervalue the products of the forests and organise their supply at subsidised rates to powerful urban elites and dominant classes. The people who in effect have paid for this system have been the rural poor.

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NGOs and Environmental Policies: Asia and Africa by David Potter
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