By Alan J. McComas (Auth.)
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Extra info for Neuromuscular Function and Disorders
Example text
This conclusion was strengthened by the results of experiments involving tetrodotoxin in which the superficial myofibrils now had lower thresholds than the central ones and were the first to shorten. Under these last conditions only passive electrotonic depolarization of the fibre interior could have taken place. Perhaps the best evidence for a propagated potential in the T-system has come from the recent study by Strickholm (1974). By using a special voltage-clamping technique (page 21) he found it possible to record small 'internal' potentials from frog muscle fibres following surface excitation.
In an isotonic contraction the muscle is able to shorten and to lift whatever load has been attached to its tendon. e. work = load x distance). In an isometric contraction the muscle is prevented from shortening by fixing both its ends. Instead of performing external work the muscle develops tension at its points of attachment; the energy expended in the contraction is released as heat. In everyday life there are many examples of contractions which are purely isotonic or isometric. Isotonic contractions include cycling, combing the hair, placing objects on shelves, and loading a grocery cart.
1 (lower). 1 the basement membrane, mitochondria, synaptic vesicles, primary and secondary synaptic clefts can easily be recognized. A shortened myofibril (MF) is also seen (x 17,500). (Courtesy of Dr A. G. Engel) importance is the entry of calcium ions from the extracellular fluid. It has been shown that neuromuscular transmission will cease if calcium ions are omitted from the bathing fluid or alternatively if the concentration of magnesium is raised. At the neuromuscular junction the magnesium ions appear to compete for the same receptors as calcium and, in this way, can block the normal effects of calcium.