By Hans-Georg Moeller

What are structures? what's society? What occurs to humans in a hypermodern global? This e-book is an creation to Niklas Luhmann's social method thought and is the reason particular services like economic climate and mass media from a cybernetic standpoint. Integrating quite a few colleges of inspiration together with sociology, philosophy and biology Luhmann defined ends up in an total research of "world society". specific cognizance is given to the present-day relevance of Luhmann's concept with appreciate to globalization, digital mass media, ethics, and new sorts of protest.

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They are all, so to speak, subrealities of a general social reality. Still, they are not, strictly speaking, “parts” of a “whole”: society does not become less “whole” when a system ceases to function and it does not become more “whole” when a new one emerges. Before the mass media, for instance, society was not “less” than it is today. There is also no fixed “super-system” of which these functions are integral elements. Society, as such, does not function “less” when a system ceases to function, and it does not function “more” when a new system emerges.

Society consists of social systems, of certain communicational “organisms” that emerged and have established their own specific types of operations. ” A social system “is” nothing else but the autopoietic reproduction of itself. A social system, such as the economy, consists of nothing but economic communication that connects to Luhmann Explained 24 2/19/11 2:30 AM Page 24 Part 1: ANew Way of Thinking about Society itself. It is only by economic communication that the economy continues and further constructs itself—and thus builds its own communicational “membrane” by which economic communication can be distinguished from other types of communication.

Ego accepts Alter’s order to pay a penalty, because Alter possesses power. Ego accepts Alter’s assertion that the earth circulates around the sun, because it is scientific truth. (Baraldi, Corsi, and Esposito 1997, 190) Baraldi, Corsi, and Esposito also hasten to add that Luhmann Explained 2/19/11 2:30 AM Page 27 Chapter 1: What Is Social Systems Theory? 27 the concepts of “acceptance” and “motivation” are used without any reference to the psychic system. Acceptance does not mean any inner agreement and motivation, not a psychic state, because one does not and cannot know anything about these matters: “acceptance” and “motivation” are only considered as conditions of success in communication.

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Luhmann Explained: From Souls to Systems (Ideas Explained) by Hans-Georg Moeller
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