By Richard Javad Heydarian
A distinctive and provocative research of 1 of the major social and political occasions of the final decade.
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Additional info for How Capitalism Failed the Arab World: The Economic Roots and Precarious Future of the Middle East Uprisings
Example text
By now, the anti-development state | 43 it was increasingly clear to the Muslim kingdoms that European colonialism had arrived with a vengeance, after centuries of Muslim expansion into the European lands, especially in southern Spain and south-eastern Europe (Nasr 2009; Ferguson 2011). From the nineteenth to early twentieth century, Muslim powers, from Turkey to Iran and the Mughal empire in India, were either completely occupied (as in India by Britain) or quasi-vassal states (as in Iran during the British-Russian ‘Great Game’ in south-west Asia), or painfully dismembered (as in Turkey after the notorious Franco-British Sykes-Picot agreement).
She looked at the post-9/11 Middle East, and how millions of young and modern Muslims took up the reins of a non-violent revolution, demanding change within secular autocracies, while discrediting extremism and reactionary politics. In short, she saw a ‘soft revolution’ that reflected more a search ‘for identity and direction than expressing piety’. Nasr (2009), echoing Wright’s arguments, also talked about seismic shifts in the cultural and political landscape of the Muslim world, largely brought about by the emergence of a new, vibrant and selfconfident middle class, or what he calls the ‘critical middle’, which has demanded more openness, stability and moderation in their respective countries – more successful in places such as Dubai and Anatolia, but also gaining pace in Iran, Egypt and Pakistan.
As historian Niall Ferguson (2011: 108–9) argues: In the West, science and government had gone into partnership … In Istanbul Sultan Osman III presided indolently over a decadent Ottoman Empire, while in Potsdam Frederick the Great enacted reforms that made the Kingdom of Prussia a byword for military efficiency and administrative rationality. [There were] intrafamilial wars over succession, so the primogeniture became the rule. Henceforth, the younger sons were merely confined to the harem – literally ‘the forbidden’ – inhabited by the sultan’s wives, concubines and offspring.