By Christina Petsoulas
Through exploring the writings of Mandeville, Hume and Smith, this e-book deals a critique of Hayek's concept of cultural evolution and explores the roots of his robust defence of liberalism. This publication is an unique contribution to the talk, and very important examining for researchers in politics, political idea, and economics.
Read or Download Hayek's Liberalism and Its Origins: His Idea of Spontaneous Order and the Scottish Enlightenment (Routledge Studies in Social and Political Thought) PDF
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Additional info for Hayek's Liberalism and Its Origins: His Idea of Spontaneous Order and the Scottish Enlightenment (Routledge Studies in Social and Political Thought)
Example text
G. Spain) constitutional setting. g. Italy). g. the United Kingdom, Greece). A COMPARATIVE VIEW OF LOCAL FINANCES IN EU COUNTRIES 15 At the same time, marked changes in the general economic conditions and, as a consequence, alterations in the attitude of most European governments towards public expenditure (at all levels) have taken place. Central governments of all political colours have become increasingly concerned about their degree of control over subcentral levels of expenditure and have tried to instil the ‘virtue’ of accountability in subcentral governments.
Portugal: 1992 data. Greece: 1992 data. Column headings 1=expenditure of all levels of government (as per cent of GDP). 2=expenditure of the ‘intermediate’ at local level (as per cent of GDP). 3A=total revenues of the ‘intermediate’ level (absolute value in billions of ECU). 3B=revenues of the ‘intermediate’ level given by the sum of transfers from other levels of government+devolved taxes (tributos cedidos) +shared taxes (absolute value in ECU and as per cent of 3A). 3C=revenues of the ‘intermediate’ level coming from really own (=autonomous) taxes (absolute value in ECU and as per cent of 3A).
However, differences arise A COMPARATIVE VIEW OF LOCAL FINANCES IN EU COUNTRIES 37 with regard to the nature attributed to some tax revenues and therefore to classification criteria. For example, the OECD surveys are not particularly concerned with the ‘autonomous’ or ‘non autonomous’ qualification of the tax yield accruing to a particular layer of subcentral government. The 15 surveys, on the contrary, have tried to draw such a distinction, in order to establish what degree of ‘self-financing’ characterises subcentral government in each country.