By Kent D. Lee
This truly written textbook introduces the reader to the 3 forms of programming, analyzing object-oriented/imperative, sensible, and good judgment programming. the focal point of the textual content strikes from hugely prescriptive languages to very descriptive languages, demonstrating the numerous and sundry ways that we will take into consideration programming. Designed for interactive studying either inside and out of the school room, every one programming paradigm is highlighted in the course of the implementation of a non-trivial programming language, demonstrating whilst every one language can be applicable for a given challenge. positive factors: contains assessment questions and solved perform workouts, with supplementary code and aid documents to be had from an linked site; offers the principles for knowing how the syntax of a language is officially outlined by way of a grammar; examines meeting language programming utilizing CoCo; introduces C++, average ML, and Prolog; describes the advance of a kind inference approach for the language Small.
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7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Review Questions What does the word syntax refer to? How does it differ from semantics? What is a token? What is a nonterminal? What does BNF stand for? What is its purpose? What kind of derivation does a top-down parser construct? What is another name for a top-down parser? What does the abstract syntax tree for 3 ∗ (4 + 5) look like for infix expressions? What is the prefix equivalent of the infix expression 3 ∗ (4 + 5)? What does the prefix expression’s abstract syntax tree look like?
In programming language implementations a little liberty is taken with the definition of word. A word is any terminal or token of a language. It turns out that the tokens of a language can be described by another language called the language of regular expressions. 1 The Language of Regular Expressions The language of regular expression is defined by a context-free grammar. The contextfree grammar for regular expressions is RE = (N , T , P ,E) where N = {E, T , K, F} T = {character, ∗, +, · , (, )} P is defined by the set of productions E →E+T |T T →T · K |K K → F∗ | F F → character | ( E ) The + operator is the choice operator, meaning either E or T, but not both.
Item? or [item] means the item is optional. item* or {item} means zero or more occurrences of an item are allowable. item+ means one or more occurrences of an item are allowable. Parentheses may be used for grouping. 3 Context-Free Grammars A BNF is a way of describing the grammar of a language. Most interesting grammars are context-free, meaning that the contents of any syntactic category in a sentence are not dependent on the context in which it is used. A context-free grammar is defined as a four tuple: G = (N , T , P , S ) where • • • • N is a set of symbols called nonterminals or syntactic categories.