By Roelof A.A. Oldeman
Silvology is the final technological know-how of woodland ecosystems, with no the standard department among guy and Nature. This systematic therapy of forests intends to combine and harmonize latest ways with assistance from platforms modeling in a hierarchy of shut approach degrees, in accordance with standards of organic structure, biomass construction and species composition. Scientists and practitioners will savor this synoptic remedy of forests and their ecology, permitting the stability of holistic and reductionist viewpoints, and the situation of phenomena and strategies. themes lined contain: - advent of the tools, - sections on forest organisms, - a unique bankruptcy on bushes, - eco-units, i.e. wooded area ecosystems constructing after a few zero-event like hearth, hurricane or waterlogging, - silvatic mosaics equipped by way of the eco-units of alternative dimension, structure and species composition, - a precis of silvological principles choosing system's behaviour at each point, e.g. fragmentation and fusion, move of capabilities, irreversibility and method oscillation.
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Extra info for Forests: Elements of Silvology
Sample text
Fig. 1b) are all built by such spots, in fact tiny surfaces. These are called pixels (picture elements). Each pixel represents an observed piece of the surface of the earth; LANDSAT, for instance shows 90 x 90 m per pixel and newer satellites, li~e SPOT, cover 20 x 20 or even lOx 10m per pixel. Here we have our subsystems. From the combination of different properties, measured in each pixel: colour, clarity, sometimes infrared (temperature/humidity), the pattern of the whole image is built. g. 100 x 100 m) the hectare covered may include all kinds of phenomena.
3 Ground Truth One has to go in the field to understand the significance of such remote sensing images. The easiest way to organize this field research is to trace a grid in the forest, with the same square-size that appears on the image as one pixel. Properties of each square can then be established, for instance: "the distribution and clustering of dark blue pixels correspond in the field to the distribution and clustering of fully grown tree crowns". This working method shocks few people, because during countless centuries such squares have been used under names such as acres, hectares, morgens or bunders.
A Black and white on infrared emulsion, photographed from an ultralight plane (Vooren and Offermans 1985), showing "natural", visible limits as perceived by eye. 8 Digital transposition of same picture, representing heights in pixels of 50 x 50 cm forming a grid (analysis in Offermans 1986). Digital document courtesy Dept. of Geodetics and Land Survey, Agricultural University Wageningen t:Xl E. w en (1) ::l. , (1) C en '0 po :l 0. C:: 0: 14 The Choice of Systems not be seen, but may only be guessed from the data representing optical or other radiation properties.