By Dev Maulik
Increased and up-to-date variation highlighting present criteria and breakthroughs within the know-how of Doppler ultrasound contains most up-to-date advances in 3D and colour doppler and 4D fetal echocardiography comprises greater than 500 illustrations, together with greater than one hundred fifty in colour
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Extra resources for Doppler Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Sample text
Therefore the duration of the Doppler signal sample for FFT analysis during which the flow condition, and therefore the power spectrum, can be considered unchanging is limited. For an arterial circulation it is usually 10±20 ms. In the fetus the assumption of the spectral nonvariance may be valid for only 5 ms because the faster fetal heart rate pro- Fig. 5. Three-dimensional plot of Doppler power spectrum generated by fast Fourier transform analysis. The spectrum was obtained from the umbilical circulation a Chapter 3 Spectral Doppler: Basic Principles and Instrumentation 23 duces faster temporal changes in the blood flow speed and in the power spectral density.
Moreover, the axial dimension of the sample volume can be varied in most duplex instruments. Experience with fetal Doppler echodiography illustrates the significant advantages of duplex Doppler for fetal circulatory assessment [13]. A two-dimensional echocardiographic scan allows pulsed Doppler interrogation of complex intracardiac flow channels and outflow tracts. Similarly, it would be impossible to perform reliable Doppler assessment of fetal aortic or middle cerebral circulations without the guidance of two-dimensional imaging.
In contrast to power quantification of the discrete frequencies in the FFT analysis, autoregression allows power quantification of all the frequencies of the spectrum. Moreover, it produces cleaner spectra and better frequency resolution than those generated by FFT processing. We have evaluated autoregressive (AR), moving average (MA), and autoregressive moving average (ARMA)-based spectral processing approaches as possible alternatives to the FFT analysis [10]. Compared to the FFT processing, these parametric techniques produce cleaner spectra.