By Roanld W. Langacker
This examine monograph develops and illustrates an cutting edge thought of linguistic constitution, referred to as "cognitive grammar", and applies it to consultant phenomena in English and different languages. Cognitive grammar perspectives language as an intergral truth of cognition and claims that grammatical constitution can't be understood or revealingly defined independently of semantic issues. It argues that grammar types a continuum with the lexicon and is reducible to symbolic relationships (i.e. form-meaning pairings), and for this reason that every one legitimate grammatical constructs have a few form of conceptual import.
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Extra info for Concept, Image, and Symbol: The Cognitive Basis of Grammar
Example text
12) a. mah 'away up there to the side in the face of the slope' m-d-h tu MED-outside-face:of: slope we COMPL-REFL-find 'We found each other right up there on the side of the hill' b. yuu 'right here at the foot of the slope* y-u-u pu u-cap^a PROX-inside-foot:of:slope it that:way-footprint Ά string of footprints goes right along here' c. e. 'inside on top' is excluded, for a reason to become apparent below). The initial morpheme is a deictic predication indicating distance from the speaker (S), as shown in Figure 6.
Mu'u=ri=a-kaa-ki sa'icu'i in hece they=now=outside-down-go:PL barely hill at 'They have just now come down off the hill' (5) a. y-u r^a-wari-ta'a PROX-inside my-back-in 'right here in back of me' b. y-e n^a-hiise-'e PROX-outside my-eyes-in 'right here before my eyes' Finally, note the unexpected pattern of acceptability in (6): (6) a. u cah-ta'a inside: DIST home:area-in 'there in town' b. *m-u cah-ta'a MED-inside home:area-in 'right here in town' c. iiy-a cah-ta'a PROX-outside home:area-in 'right here in town' d.
The second type of situation arises in conjoined structures when two verbs have different subjects but share the same object, as in (15c). In lieu of the transformational process of "Right Node Raising", which supposedly derives this type of sentence from conjoined clauses of normal NP + VP constituency, we can once again assemble the overt structure directly. The two subject-verb constituents are put together first and then combined in a coordinate structure. A direct object NP is subsequently added, being integrated simultaneously with each conjunct through a correspondence between its profile and the conjunct* s relational landmark.