By Alan Waxman MD
Colposcopy is reviewed during this factor of Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North the United States. there's a good deal of recent details now to be had and Dr. Alan Waxman has assembled an authoritative staff of authors to pen articles on updates in Colposcopy.
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Additional resources for Colposcopy, Cervical Screening, and HPV, An Issue of Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics (The Clinics: Internal Medicine)
Sample text
23. Sawaya GF, McConnell KJ, Kulasingam SL, et al. Risk of cervical cancer associated with extending the interval between cervical-cancer screenings. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1501–9. 24. IARC Working Group on evaluation of cervical cancer screening programs. Screening for squamous cervical cancer: duration of low risk after negative results of cervical cytology and its implication for screening policies. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986;293:659–64. 25. Sawaya GF, Kerlikowske D, Lee NC, et al. Frequency of cervical smear abnormalities within 3 years of normal cytology.
Most commonly, the review shows that both Pap tests and cervix specimens have been diagnosed correctly and it must be assumed that the dysplasia was missed by colposcopy or that a dysplasia has resolved over time. Pap Test Proficiency Testing Also part of the original CLIA ’88 legislation is the requirement for cytology laboratories to conduct regular competency testing of their cytotechnologists and pathologists involved in Pap screening and diagnosis. Since 2006, proficiency testing occurs as an annual test administered to all physicians and cytotechnologists involved in diagnosing Pap tests in the United States.
1,2 Knowledge of patient age is critical, as specimens from postmenopausal women may have characteristic changes, such as cell immaturity, histiocytes, multinucleated cells, and parakeratotic changes, and these changes would be quite unusual in a reproductive-age woman. Hormonal history is important, whether from exogenous hormones for contraception, recent pregnancy, or menopausal, as cellular changes result from hormones that can be interpreted as atypical unless viewed in the context of hormone history.