By A.J. Tyrrell, F.H. Sumner

This ebook is anxious with language abilities and language figuring out instead of programming method. No point out is made up of trying out, and no consciousness given to the surroundings during which courses has to be entered, or accomplished. it truly is assumed reader could be accustomed to those matters.

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For portable programs the use of a SIGN clause is recommended (see your manual). If we wish to print or display signed values then we would normally move them first to a numeric edited item with appropriate sign characters (see chapter 9). 5 Arithmetic Verbs Four arithmetic verbs ADD, SUBTRACT, MULTIPLY and DIVIDE, are available. The presence of these verbs is an indication of the age of COBOL and of its similarity in some respects to the assembly language that it was designed to replace. As has previously been indicated, the verb COMPUTE is adequate for all possible computation and should be easy to use by those with experience of Pascal and other high-level languages.

3 Fixed-point Arithmetic So far, all arithmetic declarations have been confined to integral values. COBOL provides for fixed-point arithmetic, and items which require a decimal point should be declared using a V (virtual point) in the picture clause. 5 DATA DIVISION. WORKING-STORAGE SECTION. 01 WS-UNIT-COST 01 WS-QUANTITY 01 WS-TOTAL-COST PIC PIC PIC 99V99. 999. 9 (5)V99. 99 to be stored in WS-TOTAL-COST. Within the range allowed, complete accuracy is provided. All calculations and moves involving items containing a virtual point will be aligned on the point.

2 Paragraphs and the PERFORM Verb An approximate COBOL equivalent to a procedure or subroutine is the paragraph which may be called by use of the PERFORM verb. There are a 29 30 Program Structures PROGRAM Produceinvoice (Input,Output); (*Data for the program not yet declared*) (*each procedure is a template only *) PROCEDURE Inputitems; (*This procedure accepts up to 5 item codes and the unit-costs and quantity for each item from the keyboard*) BEGIN END; (*Inputitems*) PROCEDURE CalculateCost; (*This procedure calculates the cost of each item,adding VAT and the invoice total*) BEGIN END; (*CalculateCost *) PROCEDURE Printinvoice; (*This procedure prints an invoice*) BEGIN END; (*Printinvoice*) BEGIN Input Items; CalculateCost; Printinvoice END.

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COBOL From Pascal by A.J. Tyrrell, F.H. Sumner
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