By American Water Works Association
An entire info source at the makes use of of chlorine and chloramines in municipal water therapy.
The handbook specializes in chemical houses, disinfection mechanisms, feed premiums, dealing with, garage, and defense. fresh advancements in gear, disinfection recommendations, and strategies to reduce the formation of disinfection by-products is additionally coated intimately
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Extra resources for Water Chlorination and Chloramination Practices and Principles
Sample text
5 (60°F [20°C]), an increasing percentage of free chlorine is in the form of hypochlorite ion. 5, free chlorine is in the form of HOCl, as illustrated in Figure 3-1. As shown, temperature will also influence the equilibrium; the effect is particularly significant at a pH between 7 and 8. This reaction is independent of concentration, is completely reversible, and responds instantaneously to pH changes. 19 100 0 90 10 80 20 70 30 60 40 50 50 20°C 0°C 40 60 30 70 20 80 10 90 0 _ OCl (percent) WATER CHLORINATION/CHLORAMINATION PRACTICES AND PRINCIPLES HOCI (percent) 20 100 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 pH Source: Connell, 1996.
For systems that use large amounts, ton containers will probably be more economical. Cylinders Chlorine cylinders hold 150 lb (68 kg) of chlorine and have a total filled weight of 250– 285 lb (110–130 kg). 5 in. (270 mm) in diameter and 56 in. 42 m) high. As illustrated in Figure 4-1, each cylinder is equipped with a hood that protects the cylinder valve from damage during shipping and handling. The hood should be properly screwed in place whenever a cylinder is handled, and should be removed only during use.
The breakpoint reaction is important in understanding the formation of chloramines (when ammonia is present or is added) because the formation of chloramines is a primary 22 WATER CHLORINATION/CHLORAMINATION PRACTICES AND PRINCIPLES element of this reaction. In some cases, organic compounds present in the water may also combine with chlorine to form chloro-organic compounds that may exhibit the characteristics of a combined chlorine residual. If water contains ammonia (either naturally or added), and a free chlorine residual is desired, the ammonia can be removed by oxidation with chlorine to produce primarily nitrogen gas and some nitrate by the breakpoint reaction.