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Sample text
5. Concept of pulse repetition frequency (PRF). The illustration shows a PRF of 1 KHz (1,000 pulses per second) ± Fig. 7. Pressure amplitude of a sound wave. Horizontal axis depicts distance or time. Vertical axis represents variations in the acoustic pressure. The plus and minus signs indicate the positive and negative fluctuations of the pressure, respectively. P, the amplitude that is the maximum change in the pressure above or below the baseline value represented by the horizontal line sound wave at a location is the rate of flow of energy per unit of cross-sectional area of the beam at that location.
The angle of refraction (Ut) depends on the angle of incidence and the propagation speeds of sound in medium 1 and medium 2 Fig. 11. Graphic depiction of the Doppler shift when a source of sound transmission moves away or toward a stationary observer 14 D. Maulik Thus if the angle of beam incidence and the Doppler shift are known, the velocity of blood flow is also known, assuming that the transducer frequency and the velocity of sound in tissue remain relatively constant (Fig. 12). The above equation forms the basis for clinical application of the Doppler principle.
The importance of this situation can be appreciated from the fact that absent or reverse end-diastolic flow is associated with high perinatal mortality and morbidity. Obviously, for most fetal applications the high-pass filter should be either turned off or kept at the lowest setting, preferrably at 50 Hz and not exceeding 100 Hz. With most Doppler instruments the high-pass filter is adjustable. A low-pass filter allows frequencies only below a certain threshold to pass, thereby removing any frequencies higher than that level (Fig.