By International Atomic Energy Agency
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Extra resources for Use of chlorofluorocarbons in hydrology : a guidebook
Example text
In samples that are simple binary mixtures of young and old, pre-CFC water, ratios of CFCs can define the age of the young fraction (see Chapter 5). 4. g. g. 3H), travel time information usually refers to time since exposure to the atmosphere, or since rainfall. The measured travel time thus includes residence times in both the saturated and unsaturated zones. 1 0 1940 CFC-113/CFC-12 1950 1960 1970 1980 Year 1990 2000 2010 FIG. 3. Historical atmospheric ratios of CFC-11/CFC-12, CFC-113/CFC-12 and CFC113/CFC-11 in North American air.
15 K Recharge elevation = 1000 m Groundwater salinity = 1000 mg/L = 1 ppt Using Eq. 0121 atmosphere Using Eq. 886 atmosphere Using Eq. 00543 mol/kg/atm Combining Eq. 1) and Eq. 1). FIG. 2. An example calculation of apparent recharge year for a water sample containing 200 pg/kg of CFC-12 that was recharged at 10°C, 1000 m elevation and with a salinity of 1000 mg/L. 6 CFC-11 CFC-11 CFC-11 CFC-11 CFC-11 CFC-11 CFC-11 CFC-11 CFC-11 CFC-12 CFC-12 CFC-12 CFC-12 (pmol/kg) Conc. CFC-11 CFC 20 15 10 5 25 20 15 10 5 25 20 15 10 5 Recharge temp.
1990). Water samples can also be contaminated from permanently installed submersible pumps in wells. Newly installed submersible pumps can contaminate samples with CFCs and other VOCs. The sample should be collected before the pressure tank and before the location where disinfectant 35 COOK et al. or other chemicals are added to the groundwater. Many large municipal wells are lubricated with vegetable oil, however, usually this does not present a problem. Other turbine pumps are water lubricated and unsatisfactory results will be obtained if the lubrication water has been treated or aerated.