By Chin-Fu Tsang and John A. Apps (Eds.)
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Additional info for Underground Injection Science and Technology
Sample text
783–789. , 1939. Waste problems of a chemical company. Ind. eng. , 31: 1346–1349. , Ijaz, T. , 1988. A Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Class I Hazardous Waste Injection Wells (draft). , 1996. EPA mission research in support of hazardous waste injection, 1986–1994. A. Apps and Chin-Fu Tsang (eds), Deep Injection Disposal of Hazardous and Industrial Waste. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 9–24. R. , 1973. Legal and institutional considerations of deep-well waste disposal. 1. S. Geological Survey, and International Association of Hydrological Sciences, pp.
11). A majority of states approved and codified the 1980 regulations from 1982 to 1984. As of 2002, 33 states and 3 territories have UIC primacy. 4 Class I Hazardous Well Regulations 7 Fig. 4. Event-tree for a 1975 injection well leak pre- and post-1980 EPA well regulations. 2 territories, Washington, DC, and all Indian tribes. The EPA and the states share primacy for 7 states (EPA, 2002). 4 CLASS I HAZARDOUS WELL REGULATIONS In 1984, the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) prohibited land disposal of hazardous waste, including underground injection (the “land-ban” restriction), unless the EPA could determine that the disposal would not adversely affect human health and the environment (Smith, 1996, p.
Class III wells pertain to in situ mining wells. Class IV wells (banned except for remediation) handled disposal of hazardous liquids into or above USDWs. Class V wells relate to geothermal and other wells that do not fall into the previous categories. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has implemented Underground Injection Control (UIC) rules and regulations since the early 1980s as an outcome of the SDWA, to protect citizens from exposure and reduce risk to human health and the environment.