By Helgi Björnsson, Julian Meldon D'Arcy
This publication is the 1st complete evaluate and overview of the origins, background and present measurement and of all of Iceland's significant glaciers (including Vatnajökull, the most important in Europe) in the beginning of the twenty-first century. it's not simply illustrated with many attractive pictures and graphs of contemporary facts and clinical information, yet can also be a set of ancient writings and drawings from annals, sagas, people stories, diaries, studies, tales and poems, because it offers a different method of the research of glaciers on an island within the North Atlantic. Balancing and evaluating the realm of guy with the area of nature, the perceptions of paintings and tradition with the systematic and pragmatic analyses of technological know-how, The Glaciers of Iceland current a large spectrum of readers with a brand new and stimulating view of the origins, improvement and attainable way forward for those large usual phenomena, in addition to the research and function of glaciology, inside particular time traces and geographical destinations. Icelandic glaciers the writer argues may possibly end up crucial for figuring out the present unsettling growth of world warming. The glaciers of Iceland, for that reason, goals at proposing to a large readership an unique, old, cultural and medical evaluation of those geophysical beneficial properties in Iceland whereas additionally suggesting more and more vital classes and versions for man's destiny interplay with the world's glaciers as a whole.
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Extra info for The Glaciers of Iceland: A Historical, Cultural and Scientific Overview
Sample text
A detailed description of the complex nature of glaciers will not be addressed here, but an overview of basic glaciology will follow below. For further details see Sharp (1991), Paterson (1994), Knight (1999), Hambrey and Alean (2004), Hooke (2005), Cuffey and Paterson (2010), Benn and Evans (2010), van der Veen (2013). 3 9 Introduction to Glaciers A glacier is a body of ice that has been made from snow, collected year by year above the snowline (Fig. 7), and which becomes buried deeper and deeper below fresh layers of snow, gradually being transformed into ice that flows forward because it does not have the strength to sustain its own weight (Fig.
Most outburst floods from Grímsvötn are like this (Chap. 8). b Rapidly accelerating floodwaters. Examples of this include Katla (Chap. g. in the autumn of 1996 the other hand, when water drains down to the base of the ice, this can accelerate a glacier’s basal sliding. A jökulhlaup usually begins before water pressure is sufficient to raise the ice-dam to flotation. There are a few examples, however, of water levels in a glacial lake rising until the ice-dam begins to float, and instead of its outburst being restricted to one channel, a broad stream of water floods from the lake, the layer of water spreading out beneath the entire glacier and advancing as a wave with so much pressure that the glacier is lifted to allow the water to make its way down to the snout.
Unless it is frozen solid to the bedrock, the entire mass of ice can also slide over a slippery bed of either hard rock or soft basal sediments. The base becomes slick as water spreads in a thin film beneath it, and the greater the basal water pressure, the more the glacier’s overburden on its base is reduced. There is most water present in glaciers in the summer, and so they usually move faster then than during winter. A glacier, when thrust by its flow onto a bump on its bed, moves forwards when replacing ice, which melts in front of the obstacle.