By American Water Works Association
This advisor describes a approach to guage disinfection strategies that meets the wishes of every approach, despite dimension. the method is in step with the counsel supplied by means of the united states Environmental security organisation defense tips and the dep. of native land Security's Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism criteria
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Extra resources for Selecting Disinfectants in a Security-Conscious Environment
Sample text
Additional considerations for chlorine gas Cost implications Low to moderate capital cost. Low chemical cost. Process reliability Simple and dependable disinfection method, especially for small systems that use 150-lb containers. Easily stockpiled per DHS pandemic preparedness recommendations. Community safety and security Cylinder and containers easily secured with building and other access control measures. Safety and security concerns for both on-site storage and transportation/delivery must be addressed.
Separate building required to address safety concerns. Ozone must be generated on-site. Operations and equipment are complex and consist of four primary components: a gas feed system, an ozone generator, an ozone contactor, and an off-gas destruction system. Operational Considerations Not frequently used for disinfection for water reuse, although there has been recent interest. Not frequently used for wastewater disinfection. Commonly used as primary disinfectant for drinking water. Ozone also provides other treatment benefits, as shown in Table 2-2.
Reacts with bromide to form bromate, a regulated DBP. Bromate formation increases with increasing bromide concentration and increasing ozone dose. Excellent oxidant that is stronger than chlorine, monochloramine, or chlorine dioxide. Provides oxidation and taste and odor removal and can enhance treatment processes. In presence of organics, ozone forms AOC, which typically is removed by biological filtration ahead of residual disinfection because AOC can lead to regrowth. Microflocculation may result in higher-quality filtered water when ozone is used upstream of filtration.