By Gary A., PhD Adams, Terry A., PhD Beehr
This booklet studies, summarizes, and integrates a various literature regarding retirement and offers a coherent view to raised tell researchers and practitioners. geared up round 3 levels of the retirement process--pre-retirement, retirement decision-making, and post-retirement--the chapters study financial, sociological, gerontological, and mental concept and study. subject matters mentioned contain: forms of retirement, retirement making plans and guidance, early retirement incentive courses, the economics of the retirement decision-making, and paintings after retirement, between others. members contain Jerome Kaplan, Kenneth Shultz, Harvey Sterns, and Linda Stroh.
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Example text
At the societal level, contexts influencing retirement transition processes include population structures, modes of production and labor markets, norms, and the numerous state regulations pertaining to employment, old age security, and social welfare. Population structures determine the age structure of societies and thus the relative size of retiring cohorts. Small birth cohorts (low fertility), especially when followed by larger cohorts, and/or limited survival into old age (high mortality) produce low old age dependency ratios (the proportion of retirement-age persons relative to the number of individuals in their productive years).
Recently, several countries have increased benefit eligibility age for future retirees or raised penalties for early retirement (Blondal &, Scarpetta, 1998; Sehmahl, 1993; Hardy & Hazelrigg, in press), Most pension plans also include sanctions for too early retirement although even managers may not always be aware of these sanctions, especially for defined benefit packages (Woodbury, 2001), As in the case of Social Security, pensions are typically reduced when employees retire prior to a certain age or before reaching a specific number of service years.
Depending on how generous such credits are, they may entice childbearing. " Aimed at reducing both women's dependence on husbands* benefits and the pension costs associated with child rearing, this scheme provides for quite generous child care credits at the expense of survivor benefits. Prinz (1995) suggests that the resulting increase in fertility would, in the long run, increase the social security contribution/expenditure ratio and serve to maintain a stable size of the labor force. It is debatable whether the emancipatory intentions of this scheme would work.