By Jean-Pierre Dedieu

Cet ouvrage est consacr? aux issues fixes d'applications diff?rentiables, aux z?ros de syst?mes non-lin?aires et ? la m?thode de Newton. Il s'adresse ? des ?tudiants de mast?re ou pr?parant l'agr?gation de math?matique et ? des chercheurs confirm?s. los angeles premi?re partie est consacr?e ? los angeles m?thode des approximations successives et confronte un aspect de vue «syst?mes dynamiques» (th?or?mes de Grobman-Hartman, de l. a. vari?t? strong) ? des exemples issus de l'analyse num?rique. los angeles seconde partie de cet ouvrage disclose los angeles m?thode de Newton et ses d?veloppements les plus r?cents (th?orie alpha de Smale, syst?mes sous ou sur-d?termin?s). Elle pr?sente une nouvelle approche de ce sujet et un ensemble de r?sultats originaux publi?s pour l. a. premi?re fois dans un ouvrage de langue fran?aise.

This is a complicated textual content on mounted issues, zeros of nonlinear platforms and the Newton process. Its first half, dedicated to fastened issues, contains the Grobman-Hartman and the reliable manifold theorems. the second one half describes the Newton procedure from a latest standpoint: Smale's alpha thought, underdetermined and overdetermined platforms of equations. those effects are illustrated by means of a number of examples from numerical analysis.

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Additional info for Points fixes, zeros et la methode de Newton

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Nous renvoyons le lecteur int´eress´e par ces questions a` Demazure [15] ou a` Hartman [22]. Quel est le comportement de la suite des it´er´es xk = f k (x0 ) o` u x0 est pris dans un voisinage du point fixe x ? Par le changement de variable x = h(y) on se ram`ene `a la suite yk = Df (x)k y0 , c’est-`a-dire au cas lin´eaire. On peut alors utiliser les Th´eor`emes 20 et 21 qui donnent les deux th´eor`emes suivants : Th´ eor` eme 25. Soit f un diff´eomorphisme de classe C 1 d´efini sur un ouvert U de E et soit x un point fixe hyperbolique de f dans U .

Recherchons les points d’´equilibre de ce syst`eme. Ce sont, par d´efinition, les solutions «` a vitesse nulle » c’est-`a-dire ici telles que 0 = u, 0 = v, 0 = 2v − Vx , 0 = −2u − Vy . 50 2 Points fixes Ce syst`eme devient une ´equation de point fixe F (x, y, u, v) = (x, y, u, v) si l’on pose x = x + u, y = y + v, u = u + 2v − Vx , v = v − 2u − Vy . Compte tenu des expressions de Vx et Vy on obtient : x = x + u, y = y + v, (1 − µ)(x + µ) µ(x − 1 + µ) − , r13 r23 (1 − µ)y µy − 3. v = v − 2u + y − r13 r2 u = u + 2v + x − La d´eriv´ee de F est donn´ee par ⎛ 1 0 ⎜ 0 1 DF (x, y, u, v) = ⎜ ⎝ −Vxx −Vxy −Vyx −Vyy avec 1 0 1 −2 ⎞ 0 1⎟ ⎟ 2⎠ 1 r12 − 3(x + µ)2 r22 − 3(x − 1 + µ)2 + µ , r15 r25 (x − 1 + µ)y (x + µ)y − 3µ , = Vyx = −3(1 − µ) r15 r25 (r2 − 3y 2 ) (r2 − 3y 2 ) +µ 2 5 .

Est une norme adapt´ee c’est `a dire que x = x ad pour tout x ∈ E. ¯r la boule ferm´ee de centre 0 et de rayon r et Br la boule Nous notons B ouverte. ¯r → E une perturbation de L : f = L + h avec Proposition 31. Soit f : B h lipschitzienne et v´erifiant Lip(h) ≤ ε et f (0) ≤ δ. Supposons que les in´egalit´es suivantes soient satisfaites : λ + ǫ < 1 et δ ≤ r(1 − λ − ǫ). 5 Le cas non lin´eaire : le th´eor`eme de Grobman-Hartman 29 ¯r , sa norme est major´ee par Alors f a un unique point fixe xf contenu dans B xf ≤ f (0) 1−λ−ǫ et, pour deux fonctions f et g perturbations de L v´erifiant les hypoth`eses cidessus, on a d(f, g) xf − xg ≤ 1−λ−ǫ ¯r → E o` u d est la distance associ´ee ` a la convergence uniforme des fonctions B c’est-` a-dire, d(f, g) = sup f (x) − g(x) .

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Points fixes, zeros et la methode de Newton by Jean-Pierre Dedieu
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