By Eugenio Nappi
Content material:
Chapter 1 creation (pages 1–20):
Chapter 2 uncomplicated procedures in Gaseous Detectors (pages 21–51):
Chapter three conventional Position?Sensitive Gaseous Detectors and Their ancient improvement: From the Geiger Counter to the Multi?wire Proportional Chamber (1905 until 1968) (pages 53–83):
Chapter four The Multi twine Proportional Chamber period (pages 85–90):
Chapter five extra extensive approximately Gaseous Detectors (pages 91–144):
Chapter 6 New principles on Gaseous Detectors Conceived through the Early Years of the “Multi cord Proportional Chambers” period (1968–1977) (pages 145–159):
Chapter 7 advancements in MWPCs, PPACs, and RPCs after 1977 (pages 161–213):
Chapter eight Micropattern Gaseous Detectors (pages 215–249):
Chapter nine functions of Imaging Gaseous Detectors (pages 251–311):
Chapter 10 Conclusions (pages 313–317):
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Additional resources for Imaging Gaseous Detectors and Their Applications
Sample text
Nappi, E. (2009) Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 604, 190. 28. Bouclier, R. et al. (1988) Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 267, 69. 29. (a) Charpak, G. , Ethylfer- rocene: a possible alternative to tetrakis(dimethylamine)ethylene (TMAE) for the detection of BaF2 scintillation Preprint CERN-EP-INT-88-02, CERN; (b) Charpak G. et al. (1989) Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 277, 537. 30. J. et al. (2000) IEEE Nucl. , 47, 1820. 31. Ceron Zeballos, E. et al. (1997) Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys.
J. et al. (2000) IEEE Nucl. , 47, 1820. 31. Ceron Zeballos, E. et al. (1997) Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 392, 150. 32. , (2006) XENON and Other Cryogenic Noble Liquid Dark Matter Experiments Report at Fermilab, April 19, 2006. 21 2 Basic Processes in Gaseous Detectors The principle of operation of radiation detectors is based on the following four successive processes: 1) 2) production of primary charges by ionization in the detector sensitive volume; drift of primary electrons and ions in gaseous and liquid detectors or electron-hole pairs in semiconductor detectors; 3) multiplication of the primary electrons1) (via the avalanche process or creation of secondary-electrons); 4) charge collection on the detector electrodes and subsequent signal amplification and pulse shaping.
To better exploit the position sensitivity of the photodetectors, the coupled scintillators are usually segmented in small individual pieces. This approach, for example, is widely used in Positron Emission Tomography (PET). 6 Hybrid Imaging Detectors Besides the four main types of imaging detectors, briefly described above (vacuum, gaseous, liquid, and solid), there exist also hybrid detectors, which combine two or more detector types into the same design. Various vacuum, gaseous and liquid hybrid detectors designs have been developed.