By K. Scott (Auth.)
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Extra info for Handbook of Industrial Membranes
Example text
Branes have no chlorine tolerance and feed must be dechlorinated in use. 0 mm thick. They are quite susceptible to fouling and biological attack: Polyamide membranes are used for treatment of brackish water (deep well) supplies and seawater. Salt rejection of these membranes is enhanced by posttreatment of fibres with, for example, poly vinyl methyl ether. 2 mm thick on top of a microporous polsulfone support. The advantages of these membrane are that they operate at higher flux and lower pressure, have greater chemical stability, have higher salt rejection, they are not biodegradable, they have higher rejection of other materials (silica, nitrate, organics).
TABLE 6 - Rejections of Electrolyte Solutes by Nanofiltration Membranes. 5 <20 24 44 95 20 100 100 100 85 0 11 15 60 89 Pressure for inorganic solutes, applied to give a flux of 10/zm/s (=20 gfd); pressure for organic solutes, unknown. INTRODUCTION TO MEMBRANE SEPARATIONS 47 Gas Separation Separation of mixtures of gases is possible using either porous or non porous membranes although quite different mechanisms of transport are involved. Separation in porous membranes is through the difference in Knudsen flows (diffusion) of the components in the pores which are of a size less than the mean free paths of the molecules.
Shear sensitive streams contain fragile components (eg cells, proteins) which may be damaged by high circulation rates or high temperature. Flow rates which provide shear rates on the order of 2,000 sec-1 are recommended for shear sensitive streams. The resistance to permeation of a membrane is a function of the membrane pore size, feed stream components, and the degree to which gel layer formation and fouling layer formation occur. Increasing the feed stream circulation rate will, as a general rule, reduce gel layer thickness and increase flux.