By Toth J.
This publication acknowledges groundwater stream as a basic geologic agent, and provides a wide-ranging and illustrated evaluate of its historical past, rules, clinical effects and functional usage. the writer, one of many founding fathers of contemporary hydrogeology, highlights key interrelationships among likely disparate tactics and platforms through tracing them to a typical root reason - gravity-driven groundwater circulate. quite a few examples reveal sensible functions in a various variety of matters, together with land-use making plans, setting safeguard, wetland ecology, agriculture, forestry, geotechnical engineering, nuclear-waste disposal, mineral and petroleum exploration, and geothermal warmth circulation. The booklet includes a variety of simple gains for a multidisciplinary readership, together with complete causes of the appropriate arithmetic, emphasis at the actual that means of the equations, and an intensive thesaurus. it's a key reference for researchers, experts and complex scholars of hydrogeology and reservoir engineering.
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Additional info for Gravitational systems of groundwater flow
Sample text
Yet, these questions can be important for certain practical reasons, such as exploration for water resources or petroleum. For instance, the migration trajectories of petroleum transporting fluids, thus locations of potential entrapment sites, are fundamentally different in the foothills and foreland regions if, on the one hand, they are affected by the high fluid potentials of the contiguous physiographic units or, on the other, if they are not.
In particular, the dynamic pore pressures pdyn are less than, equal to, and greater than the static or nominal pore pressures pst = pnom in the recharge, midline and discharge areas, respectively. The absolute values of the differences increase in both directions away from the midline and with increasing depth. They are zero at the midline through the basin’s entire depth, and maximum in the two lower corners of the flow field. 02 10 500 10 000 LEGEND c' 8000 Line of equal hydraulic head 6000 h – ∆h 2000 Datum z=0 Line of flow h + 2∆h h – 2∆h 4000 Water table h + ∆h h s Bottom zone (b) Pressures (Adapted from Tóth, 1962a Fig.
143, Eq. 9): δ=λ K v Kh . e. δ = z = λ, is not entirely arbitrary. Rather, it is based on the fact that a hydraulic conductivity distribution different from Kv and Kh below z = δ has little effect on the strength of flow, whereas such a disturbance above it has a considerable influence (Meekes, 1997). 4(b) shows the deeper reach of systems induced by longer waves. ‘Since the shallow flow velocities caused by the short waves have much larger flux intensity than the shallow flow velocities caused by the long waves, the shallow streamlines are almost fully determined by the short wavelengths.