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The Chemistry of Toothpaste 13 Analysis Read the labels of the five different toothpastes and list any differences in ingredients among toothpastes. 2. Which toothpaste do you think will be the most acidic? Basic? Have the most fluoride? Be the most abrasive? Foam the most? Explain why you made each of these predictions. 3. Did your experimental results agree with your predictions? Why or why not? 4. Compare the results from this test with the list of different ingredients in each type of toothpaste.
Figure 1 shows Lewis dot structures for several elements. 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 H 18 He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar K Ca Se Br Kr Rb Sr Te I Xe Cs Ba Figure 1 Lewis dot structures for elements in groups 1 and 2 and 13 through 18 of the periodic table. 24 © 2011 Facts on File. All Rights Reserved. 4. Lewis Structures 25 Atoms will bond with other atoms until they have eight valence electrons, which gives them stability. In a covalent bond, two nonmetal atoms share electrons to become stable.
The tail region is considered hydrophobic because it will not mix with water, while the head region is hydrophilic, or water-loving. Water is not an effective cleaner for oily materials because oil and water do not mix. The addition of soap to water enables the oily substances to dissolve in water and be washed away. Soap is described as an emulsifier because of its ability to break up oils and trap them inside micelles. These small spheres are formed from many soap molecules that turn their hydrophobic tails inward so that only the hydrophilic heads face the water (see Figure 2).