By A. M. Hillas, Robert Robinson, Dean Athelstan Spilhaus and D. ter Haar (Auth.)
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It is convenient to define a unit of length, the radiation length, *o, to give a scale to this process—a characteristic decay length for the energy of a very energetic electron: dE _ dx E Xo considering only losess by radiation. 10) for a material of atomic weight A and atomic number Z. Figure 10 shows how the rate of energy loss will vary with the elec tron's energy. COLLISION! RADIATION lead UJl * 1 0 106 107 Ee 108 (eV) 109 10'° FIG. 10. Fractional energy loss rate per radiation length for electrons.
During the summer of 1954 the sun was at a minimum of activity. Ionization chambers sent up in the Arctic as well as at intermediate latitudes THE PRIMARY COSMIC RADIATION 59 showed a considerable increase in intensity, during the period, compared with 1951. Atmospheric absorption, combined with magnetic rigidity requirements indicate that protons with energies down to at least 150 MeV were coming to the Earth in the summer of 1954. e. no 'knee', at least for protons down to this energy. Using the increased areas under the depth-ionization curves, combined with geomagnetic calculations, an estimate may be made of the numbers of primary particles coming in near the poles in 1937 (solar maximum), 1951 and 1954 (solar minimum).
A detailed account of all this work will not be given, but the results will be outlined. 2 Changes in the spectra Janossy suggested that the low-energy cut-off in the spectrum shown in Figure 14 might reflect the presence of a dipole magneticfieldof the Sun. However, St0rmer theory shows that the cut-off energy would vary with direction of viewing, and so change through the day, which was not found. In 1937, though, balloon observations had shown there was no further change in the radiation north of 55°N (geomagnetic, of course); yet in 1951 Neher made further measurements of ionization in balloonflightsfrom a ship at 88°N and at 56°N geomagnetic latitudes, and found that much more radiation was present at very great altitudes, giving a 25 % increase in the total influx, though still with no difference between different latitudes beyond 55°.